SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Anderson, Kym; Croser, Johanna L.; Sandri, Damiano; Valenzuela, Ernesto.

This paper summarizes a new database that sheds light on the impact of trade-related policy developments over the past half century on distortions to agricultural incentives and thus also to consumer prices for food in 75 countries spanning the per capita income spectrum. Price-support policies of advanced economies hurt not only domestic consumers and exporters of other products but also foreign producers and traders of farm products, and they reduce national and global economic welfare. On the other hand, the governments of many developing countries have directly taxed their farmers over the past half-century, both directly (e.g., export taxes) and also indirectly via overvaluing their currency and restricting imports of manufactures. Thus the price...

AGRICULTURAL POLICY UNCERTAINTY AND ANTICIPATORY FIRM LEVEL ADJUSTMENTS

Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Political economy; Agricultural price and trade policies; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; F59; H20; N50; O13.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50305

Lagerkvist, Carl Johan.

This paper investigates, through a dynamic stochastic adjustment model the extent to which an active agricultural policy can be the source of volatility in agricultural investment. It is shown that noise in formulation of agricultural policy has adverse effects even in cases where earlier results would take that investment is increased.

Almost Subsidy-free Spatial Pricing in a Multi-dimensional Setting

Palavras-chave: Uncertainty; Agricultural Policy; Investment; Agricultural and Food Policy; Financial Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; D8; E2; H20; Q18.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21734

Weber, Shlomo; Dreze, Jacques; Le Breton, Michel; Savvateev, Alexei.

Consider a population of citizens uniformly spread over the entire plane, that faces a problem of locating public facilities to be used by its members. The cost of every facility is financed by its users, who also face an idiosyncratic private access cost to the facility. We assume that the facilities cost is independent of location and access costs are linear with respect to the Euclidean distance. We show that an external intervention that covers 0.19% of the facility cost is sufficient to guarantee secession-proofness or no cross-subsidization, where no group of individuals is charged more than its stand alone cost incurred if it had acted on its own. Moreover, we demonstrate that in this case the Rawlsian access pricing is the only secession-proof...

Assessing Participation in the Milk Income Loss Contract Program and its Impact on Milk Production

Palavras-chave: Secession-Proofness; Optimal Jurisdictions; Rawlsian Allocation; Hexagonal Partition; Cross-Subsidization; Demand and Price Analysis; D70; H20; H73.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9097

D'Antoni, Jeremy M.; Mishra, Ashok K..

The MILC program, a counter-cyclical income support program, was designed to provide price support to dairy farmers. Since the inception of the MILC program it has been argued that the program is inefficient and rewards inefficiency by keeping high cost, small dairy farms in business. Large dairy producers have expressed concerns that the MILC payments have negatively affected their farming income. Using farm-level, ARMS data from 2005, this study investigated the factors that affect farmer’s decision to participate in MILC program and if participation in MILC has an impact on milk production. The results show that participation in MILC program is positively correlated with farmer’s educational attainment, organic certification subsidy, milk price,...

Beneficios privados y beneficios sociales en la cadena de la manzana para la exportación en el Uruguay.

Palavras-chave: Dairy farms; Agricultural policy; Milk Income Loss Contract Program; Two-step probit estimation; Agricultural and Food Policy; Livestock Production/Industries; H20; Q13; Q18.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103775

Rava, Catalina; Lanfranco, Bruno A.; Ferraro, Bruno.

Este trabajo analizó el desempeño de la cadena exportadora de manzana para consumo en fresco, en Uruguay, mediante el método de la matriz de análisis de políticas (MAP). Se trabajó con la variedad Royal Gala, una de las más exportadas localmente por su temprana maduración y su buena aceptación en mercados de valor, como el europeo. Se cuantificaron los efectos de las políticas públicas (impuestos, subsidios, cargas sociales) y las eventuales fallas de mercado que afectan los distintos eslabones, estimándose las potenciales transferencias de recursos, desde o hacia la cadena. Primero se computaron los ingresos y costos en los distintos eslabones considerados: producción, transporte, procesamiento y empaque. Se calcularon los beneficios privados y sociales...

Tipo: Book

Palavras-chave: Policy analysis matrix; Production systems; Economic efficiency; Public policies; Export markets; Agribusiness; Crop Production/Industries; Political Economy; Public Economics; D40; D61; E62; H20.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/121682

Distribution of Agricultural NRAs across Countries and Products, 1955-84 and 1985-2007

Anderson, Kym; Croser, Johanna L..

The global database developed as an integral part of the World Bank's research project on Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, which is publicly available at www.worldbank.org/agdistortions, provides around 30,000 estimates of nominal rates of assistance to agricultural industries (NRAs) and associated consumer tax equivalents for 75 countries that together account for between 90 and 95 percent of the world’s population, farmers, agricultural output and total GDP. They also account for more than 85 percent of farm production and employment in each of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia as well as all OECD countries. More than 70 products are included (an average of 11 per country), which represents around...

Economic Factors and Body Weight: An Empirical Analysis

Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural price and trade policies; Nominal rates of assistance; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; F59; H20; N50; O13.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50307

Schroeter, Christiane; Lusk, Jayson L..

With this study, we investigate the effects of changes in economic factors on body weight by constructing a utility theoretic model. The model is empirically estimated by combining data on individuals’ body weight, demographic and physical activity information, and statelevel measures pertaining to the prices of food away from home, food at home, and wages. By combining these data sources, we aim to estimate directly the weight effects of price and income changes. The empirical analysis suggests that decreasing the price of food at home could decrease body weight, a finding which has important public policy implications.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Body mass index; Body weight; Obesity; Subsidy; Tax; Agribusiness; Consumer/Household Economics; D11; D12; I18; H20; R22.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46991

Economic Impacts of Brazilian Indirect Tax Reduction: An analysis of the competitiveness within MERCOEURO

Pereira, Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira, Erly Cardoso.

The objective of this paper is to determine the effects of the creation of MERCOEURO stemming from an indirect tax reduction in the Brazilian economy. Four different scenarios were analyzed taking into account the elimination of tariffs on imports among the member countries in the MERCOEURO agreement and a 10% reduction in the indirect taxes on the final consumption, on intermediary inputs, and on sectors production. Simulations are run using GTAPinGAMS with the GTAP database version 6.0. The creation of the MERCOEURO generated significant results mainly in the agribusiness sector. A reduction in the indirect taxes on final consumption and over the intermediate inputs improve the competition and generate gains in growth, welfare, and government...

EFEITOS DE UMA DESONERAÇÃO TRIBUTÁRIA NA ECONOMIA BRASILEIRA EM CENÁRIOS DE CRIAÇÃO DA ÁREA DE LIVRE COMÉRCIO DAS AMÉRICAS (ALCA)

Palavras-chave: Regional integration; Indirect taxes; General equilibrium; GTAPinGAMS; Sectoral competition; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; C68; H20.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53440

Pereira, Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira, Erly Cardoso.

O objetivo desse artigo é determinar os impactos da criação da Área de Livre Comércio das Américas (ALCA), a partir de uma desoneração tributária, na economia brasileira. Para isso, foram analisados diversos cenários que contam, além da eliminação das tarifas ao comércio entre os países do continente americano, com redução de 10% dos impostos indiretos que incidem sobre o consumo, sobre os insumos intermediários e sobre a produção brasileira. O modelo do GTAPinGAMS é usado como instrumental analítico, aplicado à versão 6.0 do banco de dados do GTAP. Os resultados indicam que, em todos os cenários de ALCA, a redução dos impostos indiretos em 10% aumentou a competitividade, promoveu o crescimento e o bem-estar do Brasil e elevou a receita tributária. O...

Efeitos potenciais da política tributária sobre o consumo de alimentos e insumos agropecuários: uma análise de equilíbrio geral inter-regional

Palavras-chave: Integração regional; Tributos indiretos; Equilíbrio geral; GTAPinGAMS; Competitividade setorial; Regional integration; Indirect taxes; General equilibrium; GTAPinGAMS; Sectorial competition; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; Q17; R13; H20.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/109126

Santos, Carliton Vieira dos; Ferreira Filho, Joaquim Bento de Souza.

This paper analyses the potentials long run effects on the Brazilian economy of two policies in the field of the indirect taxes: a) the reduction of indirect taxes on food consumption by the households and; b) the reduction of indirect taxes on the main inputs used in the agricultural activity. The analysis is accomplished through two simulation exercises using a static inter-regional applied general equilibrium model. The benchmark year is 2001. The results of both simulations are found to be similar, except in terms of magnitude: the most intense effects are associated to the reduction the taxation on foods. Both simulations show expansion in the level of economic activity in the poorest regions of the country and reduction in the richest. They also show...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Tax policy; Indirect taxes; Foods; Agricultural activity; General equilibrium.; Agribusiness; R13; H20.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61923

Fat Taxes and Thin Subsidies: Distributional Impacts and Welfare Effects

Salois, Matthew J.; Tiffin, J. Richard.

The extant literature on fat taxes and thin subsidies tends to focus on the overall effectiveness of such fiscal instruments in altering diets and improving health. However, little is known about the welfare impacts of fiscal food policies on society. This paper fills a gap in the literature by assessing the distributional impacts and welfare effects resulting from a tax-subsidy combination on different food groups. Using the methods derived from marginal tax reform theory, a formal welfare economics framework is developed allowing the calculation of the distributional characteristics of various food groups and approximate welfare measures of prices changes caused by a tax-subsidy combination. The distributional characteristics reveal that many of the food...

Guía práctica para la identificación de algunas enfermedades de trigo y cebada

Palavras-chave: Distributional characteristic; Fat tax; Obesity; Thin subsidy; Welfare.; Health Economics and Policy; D30; D60; H20; I10; I30..

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91754

Gilchrist-Saavedra, L.; Fuentes-Davila, G.; Martinez-Cano, C.; Lopez-Atilano, R.M.; Duveiller, E.; Singh, R.P.; Henry, Monique; Garcia Altimirano, I..

Segunda Edicion

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Trigo; Cebada; Enfermedades de plantas; Enfermedades fungosas; Epidemiología; Identificación; Métodos; Crop Production/Industries; H20.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56185

Nonpoint Source Pollution Taxes and Excessive Tax Burden

Karp, Larry S..

If a regulator is unable to measure firms' individual emissions, an ambient tax can be used to achieve the socially desired level of pollution. With this tax, each firm pays a unit tax on aggregate emissions. In order for the tax to be effective, firms must recognize that their decisions affect aggregate emissions. When firms behave strategically with respect to the tax-setting regulator, under plausible circumstances their tax burden is lower under an ambient tax, relative to the tax which charges firms on the basis of individual emissions. Firms may prefer the case where the regulator is unable to observe individual firm emissions, even if this asymmetric information causes the regulator to tax each firm on the basis of aggregate emissions.

Political Economy of Anglo-French Trade, 1689-1899: Agricultural Trade Policies, Alcohol Taxes, and War

Palavras-chave: Ambient tax; Nonpoint source pollution; Moral hazard; Asymmetric information; Differential games; Environmental Economics and Policy; D82; H20; H40; Q20.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25100

Nye, John V.C..

Britain – contrary to received wisdom – was not a free trader for most of the 1800s and, despite repeal of the Corn Laws, continued to have higher tariffs than the French until the last quarter of the century. War with Louis XIV from 1689 led to the end of all trade between Britain and France for a quarter of a century. The creation of powerful protected interests both at home and abroad (notably in the form of British merchants, and investors in Portuguese wine) led to the imposition of prohibitively high tariffs on French imports -- notably on wine and spirits -- when trade with France resumed in 1714. Protection of domestic interests from import competition allowed the state to raise domestic excises which provided increased government revenues despite...

Political Economy of Anglo-French Trade, 1689-1899:Agricultural Trade Policies, Alcohol Taxes and War

Palavras-chave: International Development; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; F13; H20; N40; N43; N53; O13; Q17.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53881

Nye, John V.C..

Britain – contrary to received wisdom – was not a free trader for most of the 1800s and, despite repeal of the Corn Laws, continued to have higher tariffs than the French until the last quarter of the century War with Louis XIV from 1689 led to the end of all trade between Britain and France for a quarter of a century. The creation of powerful protected interests both at home and abroad (notably in the form of British merchants, and investors in Portuguese wine) led to the imposition of prohibitively high tariffs on French imports -- notably on wine and spirits -- when trade with France resumed in 1714. Protection of domestic interests from import competition allowed the state to raise domestic excises which provided increased government revenues despite...

Political Economy of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives: Introduction and Summary

Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Political economy; Agricultural trade policies and war; Economic history of Europe; Alcohol taxes; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; H20; N40; N43; N53; O13.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50295

Anderson, Kym.

During the 1960s and 1970s most developing countries imposed anti-agricultural policies, while many high-income countries restricted agricultural imports and subsidized their farmers. Both sets of policies inhibited economic growth and poverty alleviation in developing countries, while doing little to assist small farmers in high-income countries. Since the 1980s, however, many developing countries began to reduce the anti-agricultural bias of sectoral policies, and from the early 1990s the European Union began to move away from price supports to more-direct forms of farm income payments. This paper summarizes a forthcoming book that seeks to explain this evolving pattern of distortions to incentives conceptually and econometrically by making use of new...

Soda Taxes and Substitution Effects: Will Obesity be Affected?

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50306

The Distributional Consequences of a Fiscal Food Policy: Evidence From the UK

Fletcher, Jason.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Obesity; Soft Drink Taxation; Agribusiness; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy; I12; H20; H71.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117066

Salois, Matthew J.; Tiffin, J. Richard.

THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF A FISCAL FOOD POLICY

Palavras-chave: Distributional characteristic; Economic welfare; Fat tax; Indirect tax reform; Obesity; Thin subsidy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy; D30; D60; H20; I10; I30.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61360

Salois, Matthew J.; Tiffin, J. Richard.

This paper examines the health effects of a fiscal food policy based on a combination of fat taxes and thin subsidies. The fat tax is based on the saturated fat content of food items while the thin subsidy is applied to select fruit and vegetable items. The policy is designed to be revenue neutral so that the subsidy exactly offsets the revenue from the fat tax. A model of food demand is estimated using Bayesian methods that accounts for censoring and infrequency of purchase (the problem of unit values is also discussed). The estimated of demand elasticities are used to compute nutrient elasticities which demonstrate how consumption of specific nutrients changes based on price changes in particular foods from the fiscal policy. Results show that while the...

The Impact of Proposed Federal Tax Reform on Farm Businesses

Palavras-chave: Bayesian estimation; Censoring; Fat tax; Infrequency of purchase; Nutrient elasticities; Obesity; Thin subsidy; Unit values; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy; D30; D60; H20; I10; I30.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116394